Security Analysis and Portfolio Management Problems and Solutions

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Security analysis and portfolio management

1. 1. SECURITY ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" "In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)" Department of Management Studies National Institute of Technology, Durgapur Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur A Project Report On SECURITY ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT For By Rajesh Kumar Under the guidance of: "Ms. Payel Dey" Submitted to: "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)" Through Department of Management Studies National Institute of Technology, Durgapur Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur – 713209 West Bengal, India 1 On SECURITY ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY" partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)"
2. 2. 2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report titled "Security Analysis and Portfolio Management with reference to IIFL" is my original work and has not been published or submitted for any degree, diploma or other similar titles elsewhere. This has been undertaken for the purpose of partial fulfilment of Master of Business Administration (MBA) at National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (West Bengal). Date: 01/ 08/2013 Rajesh Kumar Place: Kolkata, West Bengal Roll No.: 12/MBA/23
3. 3. 3 PREFACE This project report attempts to bring under one cover the entire hard work and dedication put in by me in the completion of the project work on Security Analysis and Portfolio Management with reference to IIFL I have expressed my experiences in my own simple way. I hope who goes through it will find it interesting and worth reading. All constructive feedback is cordially invited.
4. 4. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me great pleasure in presenting the project report that gives the details of my project on Security Analysis and Portfolio Management carried out at IIFL, Kolkata (West Bengal), dated from 1st June '13 – 1st August '13 (2months). It is impossible to list all the people who have helped me during my project. I take this opportunity to express my whole hearted thanks to Ms. Payel Dey (Branch Manager) at IIFL who has treated me as an employee & helped me in all my queries personally. I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards all managers, staff, & to all those who directly or indirectly helped me in successfully execution of my work. Lastly but most essentially I would like to thank Ms. Saroj Sharma (Trainer) without his help it wouldn't be possible for me to complete the project at the stipulated period of time. Rajesh Kumar Roll no.: 12/MBA/23 Session: 2012-14
5. 5. 5 CONTENTS Page No. 1. Executive Summary 7-9 2. Stock Exchange 10-17 - Introduction - Regulation - National Stock Exchange(NSE) - Bombay Stock Exchange(BSE) 3. SEBI 18-20 - Objectives - Features - Functions 4. Company Profile 21-51 - Overview - Bird's Eye View - Vision, Values and Strategy - Brand IIFL - Corporate Structure - Credit and Finance - Wealth Management - Financial Products and Distribution - Capital Market Advisory - Asset Management - Investment Banking - Real Estate Advisory - Media(Awards) - Investor Relations - Corporate Governance - Board of Directors - Corporate Social Responsibility - Scholarships 5. SWOT Analysis 52-53 6. Security Analysis 54-55 - Analysis of Securities - Approaches 7. Fundamental Analysis 56-59 - GDP - Industrial Growth Rate - Agriculture - Saving and Investment
6. 6. 6 - Government Budget and Deficit - Price Level and Inflation - Balance of Payment - Sentiments 8. Industrial Analysis 60-62 - Industrial Life Cycle Analysis - Structure of an Industry - Porter Model 9. Company Analysis 62-66 - Financial Analysis - Comparative Statement - Trend Analysis - Common Size Statement - Fund Flow Analysis - Cash Flow Analysis - Ratio Analysis 10. Technical Analysis 67-71 - Technical Indicators - Breadth Indicators - Market Sentiment Indicators - Random Walk Theory 11. Portfolio Management 71-79 - Characteristics of Investment - Investment Categories - Features - Functions - Process - Portfolio Selection 12. Portfolio Analysis 80-90 - Risk Management - Practical Study 13. Conclusion 91 14. Bibliography 92
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8. 8. 8 Executive Summary The activities of large, internationally active financial institutions have grown increasingly complex and diverse in recent years. This increasing complexity has necessarily been accompanied by a process of innovation in how these institutions measure and monitor their exposure to different kinds of risk. One set of risk management techniques that has attracted a great deal of attention over the past several years, both among practitioners and regulators, is "stress testing", which can be loosely defined as the examination of the potential effects on a firm's financial condition of a set of specified changes in risk factors, corresponding to exceptional but plausible events. A concept of security analysis and portfolio management services has been very famous and old among various institutions. This report represents practices application of portfolio management techniques in the portfolio section. Portfolio management is an integrated and exhaustive of fundamental and technical methods which are used for calculation of annul return and earnings per share for the portfolio. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach is required, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual securities.
9. 9. 9 OBJECTIVES: To study and understand the portfolio management concepts. To study and understand the security analysis concepts. To measure the risk and return of portfolio of companies. To select an optimum portfolio. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SECONDARY DATA:- Data collected from various Books, Newspapers and Internet. LIMITATIONS: The major limitations of the project are:- Detailed study of the topic was not possible due to the limited size of the project. There was a constraint with regard to time allocated for the research study. The availability of information in the form of annual reports and price fluctuations of the companies was a big constraint of the study.
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11. 11. 11 HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE: The only stock exchanges operating in the 19th century were those of Bombay set up in 1875 and Ahmedabad set up in 1894. These were 'Efficient Market Hypothesis' organized as voluntary non-profit-making association of brokers to regulate and protect their interests. Before the control on securities trading became a central subject under the constitution in 1950, it was a state subject and the Bombay Securities Contracts (control) Act of 1925 used to regulate trading in securities. Under this Act, the Bombay Stock Exchange was recognized in 1927 and Ahmedabad in 1937. During the war boom, a number of stock exchanges were organized even in Bombay, Ahmedabad and other centers, but they were not recognized. Soon after it became a central subject, central legislation was proposed and a committee headed by A.D.Gorwala went into the bill for securities regulation. On the basis of the committee's recommendations and public discussion, the securities contracts (regulation) Act became law in 1956. DEFINITION OF STOCK EXCHANGE: "Stock exchange means anybody or individuals whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities." It is an association of member brokers for the purpose of self-regulation and protecting the interests of its members. It can operate only, if it is recognized by the Government under the Securities Contracts (regulation) Act, 1956. The recognition is granted under section 3 of the Act by the central government, Ministry of Finance. NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE There is an extraordinary amount of ignorance and of prejudice born out of ignorance with regard to nature and functions of Stock Exchange. As economic development proceeds, the scope for acquisition and ownership of capital by private individuals also grow. Along with it, the opportunity for Stock Exchange to render the service of stimulating private savings and challenging such savings into productive investment exists on a vastly great scale. These are services, which the Stock Exchange alone can render efficiently. The Stock Exchanges in India have an important role to play in the building of a real shareholders democracy. To protect the interest of the investing public, the authorities of the Stock Exchanges have been increasingly subjecting not only its members to a high degree of discipline, but also those who use its facilities-Joint Stock Companies and other bodies in whose stocks and shares it deals.
12. 12. 12 The activities of the Stock Exchange are governed by a recognized code of conduct apart from statutory regulations. Investors both actual and potential are provided, through the daily Stock Exchange quotations. The job of the Stock Exchange and its members is to satisfy the need of market for investments to bring the buyers and sellers of investments together, and to make the 'Exchange' of Stock between them as simple and fair as possible. NEED FOR A STOCK EXCHANGE As the business and industry expanded and economy became more complex in nature, a need for permanent finance arose. Entrepreneurs require money for long term needs, whereas investors demand liquidity. The solution to this problem gave way for the origin of 'stock exchange', which is a ready market for investment and liquidity. As per the Securities Contract Act, 1956, "STOCK EXCHANGE" means anybody of individuals whether incorporated or not constituted for the purpose of regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities". BY-LAWS Besides the above act, the securities contracts (regulation) rules were also made in 1957 to regulate certain matters of trading on the stock exchanges. There are also by-laws of exchanges, which are concerned with the following subjects. Opening / closing of the stock exchanges, timing of trading, regulation of blank transfers, carryover business, control of the settlement and other activities of the stock exchange, fixation of margins, fixation of market prices or making up prices, regulation of taravani business (jobbing), etc., regulation of brokers trading, Brokerage charges, trading rules on the exchange, arbitration and settlement of disputes, Settlement and clearing of the trading etc.
13. 13. 13 REGULATION OF STOCK EXCHANGE: The Securities Contracts (regulation) Act, 1956 is the basis for operations of the stock exchanges in India. No exchange can operate legally without the government permission or recognition. Stock exchanges are given monopoly in certain areas under section 19 of the above Act to ensure that the control and regulation are facilitated. Recognition can be granted to a stock exchange provided certain conditions are satisfied and the necessary information is supplied to the government. Recognitions can also be withdrawn, if necessary. Where there are no stock exchanges, the government can license some of the brokers to perform the functions of a stock exchange in its absence. Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956: SC(R) A aims at preventing undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business of dealing therein by providing for certain other matters connected therewith. This is the principal Act, which governs the trading of securities in India. The term "securities" has been defined In the SC(R) A. As per Section 2(h), the 'Securities' include: 1. Shares, scripts, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate. 2. Derivative. 3. Units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes. 4. Government securities. 5. Such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities. 6. Rights or interests in securities.
14. 14. 14 NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE The NSE was incorporated in November 1992 with an equity capital of Rs.25crs. The International Securities Consultancy (ISC) of Hong Kong helped in setting up NSE. ISC prepared the detailed business plans and installation of hardware and software systems. The promotions for NSE were Financial Institutions, Insurances Companies, Banks and SEBI Capital Market Ltd., Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd. and Stock Holding Corporation Ltd. It has been set up to strengthen the move towards professionalization of the capital market as well as provide nationwide securities trading facilities to investors. NSE is not an exchange in the traditional sense where brokers own and manage the exchange. A two tier administrative setup involving a company board and a governing board of the exchange is envisaged. NSE is a national market for shares of Public Sector Units, Bonds, Debentures and Government securities, since infrastructure and trading facilities are provided. NSE-NIFTY: The NSE on April 22, 1996 launched a new equity Index. The NSE-50. The new Index which replaces the existing NSE-100 Index is expected to serve as an appropriate Index for the new segment of futures and options. "Nifty" means National Index for Fifty Stocks. The NSE-50 comprises 50 companies that represent 20 broad Industry groups with an aggregate market capitalization of around Rs.1,70,000 crs. All companies included in the Index have a market capitalization in excess of Rs.500 crs each and should have traded for 85% of trading days at an impact cost of less than 1.5%. The base period for the index is the close of prices on Nov3, 1995 which makes one year of completion of operation of NSE's capital market segment. The base value of the Index has been set at 1000.
15. 15. 15 NSE-MIDCAP INDEX: The NSE midcap Index or the Junior Nifty comprises 50 stocks that represents 21 board Industry groups and will provide proper representation of the midcap segment of the Indian capital Market. All stocks in the Index should have market capitalization of greater than Rs.200 crs and should have traded 85% of the trading days at an impact cost of less 2.5%. The base period for the index is Nov 4, 1996 which signifies two years for completion of operations of the capital market segment of the operation. The base value of the Index has been set at 1000. Average daily turnover of the present scenario 2,58,212 (Lacs) and number of average daily trades 2,160 (Lacs). At present, there are 24 stock exchanges recognized under the Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956. They are: BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE This Stock Exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as "BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE (BSE)" was established in 1875 as ''The Native Share and Stock Brokers Association", as a voluntary non-profit making association. It has evolved over the years into its present status as the premiere Stock Exchange in the country. It may be noted that the Stock Exchange is the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which was founded in 1878. The exchange, while providing an efficient and transparent market for trading in securities, upholds the interests of the investors and ensures redressed of their grievances, whether against the companies or its own member brokers. It also strives to educate and enlighten the investors by making available necessary informative inputs and conducting investor education programmes. A governing board comprising of 9 elected directors, 2 SEBI nominees, 7 public representatives and an executive director is the apex body, which decides the policies and regulates the affairs of the exchange. The Executive director as the chief executive officer is responsible for the day to day administration of the exchange.
16. 16. 16 BSE INDICES: In order to enable the market participants, analysts etc., to track the various ups and downs in the Indian stock market, the Exchange introduced in 1986 an equity stock index called BSE- SENSEX that subsequently became the barometer of the moments of the share prices in the Indian stock market. It is a "Market capitalization-weighted" index of 30 component stocks representing a sample of large, well established and leading companies. The base year of SENSEX is 1978-79. The SENSEX is widely reported in both domestic and international markets through print as well as electronic media. SENSEX is calculated using a market capitalization weighted method. As per this methodology, the level of the index reflects the total market value of all 30 component stocks from different industries related to particular base period. The total market value of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares outstanding. Statisticians call an index of a set of combined variables (such as price and number of shares) a composite Index. An Indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the value easier to work with and track over a time. It is much easier to graph a chart based on Indexed values than one based on actual values world over majority of the well known Indices are constructed using "Market capitalization weighted method". In practice, the daily calculation of SENSEX is done by dividing the aggregate market value of the 30 companies in the Index by a number called the Index Divisor. The Divisor is the only link to the original base period value of the SENSEX. The Divisor keeps the Index comparable over a period of time and it is the reference point for the entire Index maintenance adjustments. SENSEX is widely used to describe the mood in the Indian Stock markets. Base year average is changed as per the formula: New base year average = old base year average *(new market value/old market value)
17. 17. 17 STOCK EXCHANGES IN INDIA S.No NAME OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE YEAR 1 Bombay Stock Exchange 1875 2 Hyderabad Stock Exchange 1943 3 Ahmedabad Share and Stock Brokers Association 1957 4 Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited 1957 5 Delhi Stock Exchange Association Limited. 1957 6 Madras Stock Exchange Association Limited. 1957 7 Indoor Stock Brokers Association. 1958 8 Bangalore Stock Exchange. 1963 9 Cochin Stock Exchange. 1978 10 Pune Stock Exchange Limited. 1982 11 U.P Stock Exchange Association Limited. 1982 12 Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association Limited. 1983 13 Jaipur Stock Exchange Limited. 1984 14 Guwahati Stock Exchange Limited. 1984 15 Mangalore Stock Exchange Limited 1985 16 Maghad Stock Exchange Limited, Patna 1986 17 Bhuvaneshwar Stock Exchange Association Limited 1989 18 Over the Stock Exchange Limited. 1989 19 Saurasthra Kutch Stock Exchange Limited. 1990 20 Vadodara Stock Exchange Limited. 1991 21 Coimbatore Stock Exchange Limited. 1991 22 Meerut Stock Exchange Limited. 1991 23 National Stock Exchange Limited 1992 24 Integrated Stock Exchange. 1999
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19. 19. 19 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) setup as an autonomous regulatory authority by the Government of India in 1988 "to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto". It is empowered by two acts namely the SEBI Act, 1992 and the Securities Contract (regulation) Act, 1956 to perform the function of protecting investor's rights and regulating the capital markets. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulatory reach has been extended to more areas and there is a considerable change in the capital market. SEBI's annual report for 1997- 98 has stated that throughout its six-year existence as a statutory body, it has sought to balance the twin objectives of investor protection and market development. It has formulated new rules and crafted regulations to foster development. Monitoring and surveillance was put in place in the Stock Exchanges in 1996-97 and strengthened in 1997-98. OBJECTIVES OF SEBI: The promulgation of the SEBI ordinance in the parliament gave statutory status to, SEBI in 1992. According to the preamble of the SEBI, the three main objectives are:- • To protect the interests of the investors in securities. • To promote the development of securities market. • To regulate the securities market. SALIENT FEATURES OF SEBI: • The SEBI shall be a body corporate by the name having perpetual succession and a common seal with power to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both movable and immovable, and to contract, and shall, by the said name, sue or by sued. • The Head Office of the Board shall be at Bombay, now Mumbai. The Board may establish offices at other places in India. In Mumbai, the Board is situated at Mittal Court, B- Wing, 224, Nariman Point, Mumbai-400 021. • The chairman and the Members of the Board are appointed by the Central Government. • The general superintendence, direction and management of the affairs of the Board are in a Board of Members, which may exercise all powers and do all acts and things which may be exercised or done by that Board.
20. 20. 20 • The Government can prescribe terms of office and other conditions of service of the Chairman and Members of the Board. The members can be removed under section 6 of the SEBI Act under specified circumstances. • It is primary duty of the Board to protect the interest of the investor in securities and to promote the development of and to regulate the securities market by such measures, as it thinks fit. FUNCTIONS OF SEBI • Regulating the business in Stock Exchange and any other securities market. Registering and regulating the working of Stock Brokers, Sub-Brokers, Share Transfer Agents, Bankers to the issue, Trustees to trust deeds, Registrars to an issue, Merchant Bankers, Underwriters. • Portfolio Managers, Investment Advisers and such other Intermediaries who may be associated with securities market in any manner. • Registering and regulating the working of collective investment schemes including Mutual Funds. • Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations. • Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices in the securities market. Promoting investor's education and training of intermediaries in securities market. Prohibiting Insiders Trading in securities. • Regulating substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies. • Calling for information, understanding inspection, conducting enquiries and audits of the Stock Exchanges, Intermediaries and Self-Regulatory organizations in the securities market.
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22. 22. 22 Overview The IIFL Group is a leading financial services company in India, promoted by first generation entrepreneurs. We have a diversified business model that includes credit and finance, wealth management, financial product distribution, asset management, capital market advisory and investment banking. We have a largely retail focussed model, servicing over 2 million customers, including several lakh first-time customers for mutual funds, insurance and consumer credit. This has been achieved due to our extensive distribution reach of close to 4,000 business locations and also innovative methods like seminar sales and use of mobile vans for marketing in smaller areas. Our evolution from an entrepreneurial start-up to a market leadership position is a story of steady growth by adapting to the changing environment, without losing the focus on our core domain of financial services. Our NBFC and lending business accounts for 68% of our consolidated income in FY13 and has a diversified product portfolio rather than remaining a mono-line NBFC. We are a leader in distribution of life insurance and mutual funds among non-bank entities. Although the share of equity broking in total income was only 13% in FY13, IIFL continues to remain a leading player in both, retail and institutional space.
23. 23. Location Mumbai Corporate office IIFL Centre, Lower Parel Registered office IIFL House, Sun Infotech Park, Road Industrial Area, Wagle Estate,Thane,Maharashtra 400604 Year of incorporation 1995 Industry Financial Services Key businesses Credit & Finance, Wealth Management, Financial Product Distribution, Capital Market Related Employees 14,000+ Business locations Around 4,000 locations in 900 cities and towns Global reach Sri Lanka, Singapore, Dubai, New York, Mauritius, UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland Listings NSE, BSE Listing date 17 May, 2005 Registrars Link Intime India Pvt. Short term debt rating CRISIL A1+ & ICRA (A1+) Long term debt rating ICRA(AA Domains www.indiainfoline.com, www.iiflfinance.com, www.ttweb.indiainfoline.com, www.flame.org.in ISIN code INE530B01024 Bloomberg code IIFL IN Reuters code IIFL.BO Mumbai IIFL Centre, Lower Parel IIFL House, Sun Infotech Park, Road No. 16V, Plot No. B Industrial Area, Wagle Estate,Thane,Maharashtra 400604 Financial Services Credit & Finance, Wealth Management, Financial Product Distribution, Capital Market Related 14,000+ Around 4,000 locations in 900 cities and towns Sri Lanka, Singapore, Dubai, New York, Mauritius, UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland NSE, BSE 17 May, 2005 Link Intime India Pvt. Ltd. CRISIL A1+ & ICRA (A1+) ICRA(AA-) & CRISIL AA-/Stable www.indiainfoline.com, www.iiflfinance.com, www.ttweb.indiainfoline.com, www.flame.org.in INE530B01024 IIFL IN EQUITY IIFL.BO 23 No. 16V, Plot No. B-23, Thane Industrial Area, Wagle Estate,Thane,Maharashtra 400604 Credit & Finance, Wealth Management, Financial Product Sri Lanka, Singapore, Dubai, New York, Mauritius, UK, Hong Kong,
24. 24. 24 We have a track record of uninterrupted profits and dividends since listing. Revenues EBIDTA PAT
25. 25. 25 Net worth ROE
26. 26. 26 Segmental revenue split
27. 27. Vision • To become the most respected company in the Values • Values are IIFL are summarised in one acronym: GIFTS • Growth with focused team of dynamic professionals • Integrity in all aspects of business • Fairness in all our dealings – employ • Transparency in what we do – • Service orientation is our core value, imbibed by all sales as well as support teams Business strategy • Steady growth by adapting to the changi domain of financial services. • De-risked business through multiple products and diversified revenue stream • Knowledge is the key to power superior financial decisions • Keep costs low and continuously stri Customer strategy • Remain largely a retail focused organisation, driving stickiness through knowledge and quality service. • Cater to untapped areas in semi competition. • Target the micro, small and medium enterprises mushrooming across the country through a cluster approach for lending business • Use wide multi-modal network serving as one People strategy • Attract the best talent and driven people • Ensure conducive merit environment • Liberal ownership-sharing. To become the most respected company in the financial services space in India Values are IIFL are summarised in one acronym: GIFTS. rowth with focused team of dynamic professionals. ntegrity in all aspects of business – no compromise in any situation. employees, customers, vendors and shareholders all included – and in how and why we do it. ervice orientation is our core value, imbibed by all sales as well as support teams Steady growth by adapting to the changing environment, without losing the focus on our core risked business through multiple products and diversified revenue stream Knowledge is the key to power superior financial decisions. Keep costs low and continuously strive for innovation. Remain largely a retail focused organisation, driving stickiness through knowledge and Cater to untapped areas in semi-urban and rural areas, which is relatively safe from cut Target the micro, small and medium enterprises mushrooming across the country through a cluster approach for lending business. modal network serving as one-stop shop to customers. Attract the best talent and driven people. sure conducive merit environment. 27 financial services space in India. ees, customers, vendors and shareholders all included. ervice orientation is our core value, imbibed by all sales as well as support teams. ng environment, without losing the focus on our core risked business through multiple products and diversified revenue stream. Remain largely a retail focused organisation, driving stickiness through knowledge and urban and rural areas, which is relatively safe from cut-throat Target the micro, small and medium enterprises mushrooming across the country through a
28. 28. 28 Our logo The Shree Yantra is regarded in India as the most powerful and mystically beautiful of all yantras (Sanskrit word for a symbol used to focus the mind). It predates the Vedas and is supposed to be the favourite Yantra of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity. This powerful symbol, said to promote harmony and tranquillity as well, has endured for many centuries. IIFL is engaged in the business of creating wealth and the adoption of the Shree Yantra as its logo was but natural. Positioning When we pioneered online trading in India with the launch of our brand 5 paisa, the tag line was "It's all about money, honey". We recently realigned our positioning from "Knowledge is the Edge" to "When it's about Money". The IIFL brand is associated with trust, knowledge and quality service. But more importantly, the brand stands for timely assistance provided to the country's under-banked customers.
29. 29. 29 Print Media Campaign
30. 30. Our Journey • 1996 A small group of professionals formed an Information Services Company The company was formed in October 1995 with a vision to produce high quality, unbiased, independent research on the Indian economy, business, industries and The company was originally Services Pvt.Ltd. The name of the company was later changed to India Infoline Ltd. • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011 • 2012 • 2013 ofessionals formed an Information Services Company The company was formed in October 1995 with a vision to produce high quality, unbiased, independent research on the Indian economy, business, industries and corporates. The company was originally incorporated as Probity Research and Services Pvt.Ltd. The name of the company was later changed to India 30 ofessionals formed an Information Services Company The company was formed in October 1995 with a vision to produce high quality, unbiased, independent research on the Indian economy, incorporated as Probity Research and Services Pvt.Ltd. The name of the company was later changed to India
31. 31. 31 Our Strengths: Managerial depth Our promoters individually are first-generation Indian entrepreneurs with meritorious academic backgrounds and impeccable professional careers. Nirmal Jain, Chairman, is a rank holder Chartered Accountant, Cost Accountant and an MBA from IIM Ahmedabad and Mr. R. Venkataraman, Managing Director, is an Electronics Engineer from IIT Kharagpur and an MBA from IIM Bangalore. The Promoters have built the business from scratch, without pedigree of a large family business or inherited wealth and steered it towards a market leading position by dint of hard work and enterprise. We have consistently attracted the best of the talent from across the financial sector – private sector banks, foreign banks, public sector banks and established NBFCs. The senior management team have years of experience and backgrounds similar to promoters and leads competent teams. IIFL has uninterrupted history of profits and dividends since listing. We have delivered total shareholder returns of 34.3% CAGR from listing till March 31, 2013. Governance The Promoters have demonstrated an exemplary track record of governance and utmost integrity. There have been no notable regulatory strictures or oversight ever in the group's history. This is despite a widespread and broad range of operations governed by multiple regulators including RBI, SEBI, IRDA, FMC and NHB. In addition, we have eight licensed subsidiaries in major global financial centres. Our Board has independent directors, highly respected for their professional integrity as well as rich financial and banking experience and expertise. We have an advisory board comprising stalwarts with long and immaculate careers in banks, public service and legal profession. None of the promoters' family members has held managerial or board position or have related-party or financial transaction of any significance, since listing. Further, we have not lent to any related party or associated concerns. The promoters do not have any other business interests and are committed to the core business of financial services under the IIFL umbrella. People Our people form the backbone of our organization and are the foundation of our success. We have significant ownership by employees with a credo of 'owners work, workers own', which has enabled us to maintain a highly motivated staff driven by 'owner mindset'. We create owners out of our employees not just by offering a financial stake but also through autonomy to take decisions, make mistakes and grow confidence, competence and career.
32. 32. 32 Knowledge IIFL is a knowledge driven organization and has over the years developed and institutionalized knowledge about its businesses at all the levels. Our roots are in original research on economy, sectors, companies, capital markets and global financial trends. Our in-house research capabilities gives us an edge in understanding industry trends, macro-economic situations, business cycles, inflation and interest rate trends, technological changes, regulatory and legal updates, environmental factors impacting labour, raw material supply, pollution norms and for intermediate products- trends in end user sectors and for consumption products- trends in customers habits. We have strong origination and KYC processes across our businesses to get deep understanding of customer's needs and profile. Innovation We have successfully executed a number of innovative and disruptive ideas in the financial services industry to rise from a start-up to leadership position in less than two decades. For instance: • We gave away all our research free on indiainfoline.com and acquired millions of readers. • We pioneered online trading and revolutionized broking at lowest rate of 5 basis points. • We inducted a high profile institutional team from a foreign brokerage house in a first of its kind deal in India broking industry. Distribution reach We are present in around 4,000 business locations across more than 900 cities in India. Our global footprint covers Colombo, Dubai, New York, Mauritius, London, Geneva and Singapore. De-risked business IIFL has a de-risked and diversified business model across multiple revenue streams. We offer multiple products across all segments of financial services.
33. 33. 33 Risk management The basis of our risk management and hence our sustainability is our underlying conservatism. The objective of our risk management process is to insulate the company from risks associated with the business while simultaneously creating an environment conducive for growth. The effectiveness of our risk management practice emanates from our rich experience. It is derived from a deep understanding of the Indian economy, sectorial trends and corporate fundamentals. Our ability to manage organizational risk cascades from our board of directors, comprising professionals with rich and varied experience. The risk appetite defined by our board is reflected in our business plans and integrated into our operations. We identify risks through appropriate systems, indicators and risk surveys reinforced by our mangers. The company's well-defined organizational structure, documented policies and standard operating procedures, authority matrix and internal controls ensure efficiency of operations, compliance with internal and regulatory requirements. We continuously strengthen our risk measurement tools customized to the nature of each business segment. Many critical decision levels for investments, major lending and policy initiatives are institutionalized trough appropriate committees'. Well capitalized The Group has net worth of around Rs20 billion. The company has a significantly unutilized capacity to leverage. Technology Right from inception, IIFL has incubated and developed next generation technology for its core businesses. IIFL's front office software is seamlessly integrated to a highly automated proprietary back office, risk management and MIS software. IIFL Trader Terminal is an entirely home grown proprietary technology, which allows trading in Equities Cash & Derivatives, Commodities, Forex, Mutual Funds, NFOs and IPOs on a single screen. Customer service Our existing customer service organization has evolved with the singular goal since inception that our customer experience should be the best. We offer services through multiple customer touch-points such as personal interaction at our offices, call centre, email, and online web- based interface. We have made significant investment in systems, technology, people and their training, to ensure high service standards. We have also won an award for Best Customer Service in Financial Services 2013.
34. 34. 34
35. 35. What we do (Product and Services)? IIFL Group offers credit & finance facilities through its subsidiaries: • India Infoline Finance Ltd (98.87% subsidiary); • India Infoline Housing Finance Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary). The NBFC has a high quality loan book of close to Rs10,000 crores, portfolio including: • Home loans • SME & Trader loans • Healthcare & Equipment financing • Loans secured against Gold • Commercial Vehicle financing • Loans secured against Property • Loans secured against Shares We have chosen to be a divers exercise utmost prudence in credit selection, monitoring and avoid concentration. Our credit evaluation process not only takes into account the value and quality of the collateral, but also the cash-flows of the potential borrower. assessment, effective risk management techniques and an efficient collection mechanism, the net NPAs are kept well under control at less than 0.2%. accounted for 68% of our consolidated income in FY13. What we do (Product and Services)? IIFL Group offers credit & finance facilities through its subsidiaries: Finance Ltd (98.87% subsidiary); and India Infoline Housing Finance Ltd (Wholly owned subsidiary). The NBFC has a high quality loan book of close to Rs10,000 crores, SME & Trader loans Healthcare & Equipment financing Loans secured against Gold Commercial Vehicle financing Loans secured against Property Loans secured against Shares We have chosen to be a diversified portfolio company rather than a mono exercise utmost prudence in credit selection, monitoring and avoid concentration. Our credit evaluation process not only takes into account the value and quality of the collateral, but also flows of the potential borrower. Backed by a diversified portfolio, robust credit assessment, effective risk management techniques and an efficient collection mechanism, the net NPAs are kept well under control at less than 0.2%. The NBFC and lending busin accounted for 68% of our consolidated income in FY13. 35 The NBFC has a high quality loan book of close to Rs10,000 crores, with a diversified ified portfolio company rather than a mono-line NBFC. We exercise utmost prudence in credit selection, monitoring and avoid concentration. Our credit evaluation process not only takes into account the value and quality of the collateral, but also ked by a diversified portfolio, robust credit assessment, effective risk management techniques and an efficient collection mechanism, the The NBFC and lending business
36. 36. 36 Revenues Loan book
37. 37. 37 Loan book break-up NIM
38. 38. 38 Gross NPA Net NPA CAR
39. 39. IIFL Group offers wealth advisory services through its subsidiary IIFL Wealth Management Ltd (82.44% subsidiary). There is an increasing need for a comprehensive wealth management solution as opposed to disparate services to address complexity related to treasury, personal portfolio, cashflows and long-term investments. We are amongst the lead Assets under Advice (AuA) of more than Rs40,000 crores with a HNI client base of over 4,000 families. Our fixed income practice coupled with a large bond desk facilitates direct access to sovereign, corporate and collat The business grew revenues from Rs180 million in 2008 We have managed the five significant constituents that go into successful wealth management and advisory services: IIFL Group offers wealth advisory services through its subsidiary IIFL Wealth Management There is an increasing need for a comprehensive wealth management solution as opposed to disparate services to address complexity related to treasury, personal portfolio, cashflows and term investments. We are amongst the leading wealth management companies with Assets under Advice (AuA) of more than Rs40,000 crores with a HNI client base of over Our fixed income practice coupled with a large bond desk facilitates direct access to sovereign, corporate and collateralised debt. The business grew revenues from Rs180 million in 2008-09 to Rs2 billion in 2012 We have managed the five significant constituents that go into successful wealth management 39 IIFL Group offers wealth advisory services through its subsidiary IIFL Wealth Management There is an increasing need for a comprehensive wealth management solution as opposed to disparate services to address complexity related to treasury, personal portfolio, cashflows and ing wealth management companies with Assets under Advice (AuA) of more than Rs40,000 crores with a HNI client base of over Our fixed income practice coupled with a large bond desk facilitates direct access to 09 to Rs2 billion in 2012-13. We have managed the five significant constituents that go into successful wealth management
40. 40. We distribute a range of financial products like life insurance, mutual funds, National Pension Scheme (NPS), government and corporate bonds. In fact, we are a market leader among non-bank promoted entities in distribution of life insurance and mutual funds. We follow an 'open architecture' approach and constantly try to innovate channels that reach out to customers in the most cost effective way possible Our strength in semi-urban and rural areas has helped us reach several lakh first time customers. We conducted a survey of ou www.indiainfoline.com/inclusion IIFL's annual premium mobilisation (APE) stood at over Rs320 crores during FY13. financial products like life insurance, mutual funds, National Pension Scheme (NPS), government and corporate bonds. In fact, we are a market leader bank promoted entities in distribution of life insurance and mutual funds. rchitecture' approach and constantly try to innovate channels that reach out to customers in the most cost effective way possible urban and rural areas has helped us reach several lakh first time customers. We conducted a survey of our 100 small customers. Watch them on www.indiainfoline.com/inclusion IIFL's annual premium mobilisation (APE) stood at over Rs320 crores during FY13. 40 financial products like life insurance, mutual funds, National Pension Scheme (NPS), government and corporate bonds. In fact, we are a market leader bank promoted entities in distribution of life insurance and mutual funds. rchitecture' approach and constantly try to innovate channels that reach out to customers in the most cost effective way possible. urban and rural areas has helped us reach several lakh first time r 100 small customers. Watch them on IIFL's annual premium mobilisation (APE) stood at over Rs320 crores during FY13.
41. 41. We pioneered internet broking in India and rationalised brokerage rates from 150 basis points in the late nineties to 5 basis points. Although the share of equity broking in total income was only 13% in FY13, we continue to remain a leading player in both, retail and institutional space. Our extension into commodities and currency advisory reconcile a one-stop-shop financial intermediary. We are in the process of building a culture of advisory and financial planning to move away from pure execution and de further. IIFL Capital, the institutional equit most leading foreign institutional investors and mutual funds that invest in India. Our unmatched block placement capability is renowned and is underpinned by our reputation for integrity and client confidentiality. Revenues increased 2.3% to Rs552.53 cr in 2012 Market share in equity We pioneered internet broking in India and rationalised brokerage rates from 150 basis points the late nineties to 5 basis points. Although the share of equity broking in total income was only 13% in FY13, we continue to remain a leading player in both, retail and institutional Our extension into commodities and currency advisory reconciles with its vision to emerge as shop financial intermediary. We are in the process of building a culture of advisory and financial planning to move away from pure execution and de IIFL Capital, the institutional equities division of the IIFL Group, is the first port of call for most leading foreign institutional investors and mutual funds that invest in India. Our unmatched block placement capability is renowned and is underpinned by our reputation for ient confidentiality. Revenues increased 2.3% to Rs552.53 cr in 2012-13. Market share in commodity 41 We pioneered internet broking in India and rationalised brokerage rates from 150 basis points the late nineties to 5 basis points. Although the share of equity broking in total income was only 13% in FY13, we continue to remain a leading player in both, retail and institutional s with its vision to emerge as shop financial intermediary. We are in the process of building a culture of advisory and financial planning to move away from pure execution and de-risk our business ies division of the IIFL Group, is the first port of call for most leading foreign institutional investors and mutual funds that invest in India. Our unmatched block placement capability is renowned and is underpinned by our reputation for Market share in commodity
42. 42. We launched our Mutual Fund business to offer niche maiden scheme, carries the lowest expenses of any equity ETF in India. Our passively managed Dividend Opportunities ETF has been ranked the second best performer by Value Research. close-ended debt schemes and two open management (AUM) stood at Rs3,271 million as on March 31, 2013. Our strength lies in gauging the market pulse and launching niche products with low churn and operational efficiency, thereby keeping costs low. The business leverages upon the strength of our research and placement capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the skill-set to manage all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close investors as well as corporate helps us understand requirements. We possess strong placement capabilities across institutional, HNI and Some of our marquee transactions: We launched our Mutual Fund business to offer niche products. The IIFL Nifty ETF, our maiden scheme, carries the lowest expenses of any equity ETF in India. Our passively managed Dividend Opportunities ETF has been ranked the second best performer by Value Research. A total of six schemes have been launched ended debt schemes and two open-ended equity schemes. Total assets under management (AUM) stood at Rs3,271 million as on March 31, 2013. Our strength lies in gauging the market pulse and launching niche products with low churn operational efficiency, thereby keeping costs low. The business leverages upon the strength of our research and placement capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the ge all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close investors as well as corporate helps us understand and offer tailor-made solutions to We possess strong placement capabilities across institutional, HNI and Some of our marquee transactions: 42 products. The IIFL Nifty ETF, our Our passively managed Dividend Opportunities ETF has been ranked the second best A total of six schemes have been launched, including four ended equity schemes. Total assets under management (AUM) stood at Rs3,271 million as on March 31, 2013. Our strength lies in gauging the market pulse and launching niche products with low churn The business leverages upon the strength of our research and placement capabilities of the institutional and retail sales teams. Our experienced investment banking team possesses the ge all kinds of investment banking transactions. Our close interactions with made solutions to fulfil We possess strong placement capabilities across institutional, HNI and retail investors.
43. 43. We provide end-to-end advisory services, whether buy, sell, lease or rent to assist customers in decision-making, transaction, documentation and facilitate post deal activity. Our mission is to help clients create and preserve wealth by providing the best Awards: Best Wealth Management House (India), 2011 & 2012, Triple A No. 1 in Fixed Income Portfolio Management in India, 2012 Best Broking House with Global Presence, 2011 & 2012 Top Performer, Equity (FI Category), 2012 Best Commodities Investment, 2012 Best Customer Service in Financial Services, 2013 end advisory services, whether buy, sell, lease or rent to assist customers making, transaction, documentation and facilitate post deal activity. Our mission is to help clients create and preserve wealth by providing the best real estate investment. Best Wealth Management House (India), 2011 & 2012, Triple A No. 1 in Fixed Income Portfolio Management in India, 2012 – Euro Money Best Broking House with Global Presence, 2011 & 2012 – D&B Equity (FI Category), 2012 – BSE Best Commodities Investment, 2012 – Euro Money Best Customer Service in Financial Services, 2013 - Retailer Customer Service Awards 43 end advisory services, whether buy, sell, lease or rent to assist customers making, transaction, documentation and facilitate post deal activity. Our mission real estate investment. Euro Money Retailer Customer Service Awards
44. 44. India Infoline Ltd BSE: 532636 | NSE: INDIAINFO Market Industry: Finance & Investments 49.651.40 (2.9%) BSE Day's High | Low Day's Volumes 52Wk High | Low Open Price Turnover Deliverable Vol. 6 Mth. Avg. Vol. 49.901.35 (2.8%) NSE Day's High | Low Day's Volumes 52Wk High | Low Open Price Turnover Deliverable Vol. 6 Mth. Avg. Vol. INDIAINFO | ISIN: INE530B01024 Cap: [Rs.Cr.] 1,426 | Face Finance & Investments Jul 31,00:00 50.25 | 47.05 64,802 93.35 | 47.05 48.50 3,136,730.00 15,345 280,636.89 Jul 31,00:00 50.45 | 47.40 384,610 93.30 | 47.40 48.85 18,527,443.10 148,065 662,095.40 44 Face Value: [Rs.] 2
45. 45. 45 Dividend History Date Dividend (Rs) Face value Rs) 25-Jan-06 2 10 21-Jul-06 1 10 24-Mar- 07 3 10 30-Jun-08 6 10 30-Jan-09 2.8 2 18-Aug- 09 1.2 2 27-Jan-10 1.8 2 8-Mar-11 3 2 21-May- 12 1.5 2 5-Feb-13 3 2 Annual dividend (Rs) Dividend % of FV FY06 3 30 FY07 3 30 FY08 6 60 FY09 2.8 140 FY010 3 150 FY011 3 150 FY012 1.5 75 FY013 3 150
46. 46. 46 Shareholding Pattern Mar-2013 Dec-2012 Sep-2012 Jun-2012 Mar-2012 Promoter and Promoter Group 31.10 % 31.61 % 31.68 % 31.60 % 31.61 % Indian 31.10 % 31.61 % 31.68 % 31.60 % 31.61 % Foreign -- -- -- -- -- Public 68.90 % 68.39 % 68.32 % 68.40 % 68.39 % Institutions 43.68 % 44.19 % 44.70 % 44.86 % 44.16 % FII 39.34 % 39.92 % 40.08 % 39.63 % 39.84 % DII 4.34 % 4.27 % 4.62 % 5.23 % 4.32 % Non Institutions 25.22 % 24.20 % 23.62 % 23.54 % 24.23 % Bodies Corporate 2.78 % 2.99 % 2.29 % 2.39 % 2.05 % Custodians -- -- -- -- -- Total 29,52,29,883 28,99,57,953 28,91,16,953 28,90,81,953 28,90,24,203
47. 47. Philosophy: IIFL (India Infoline) is committed to placing the Investor First, by continuously striving to increase the efficiency of the operations as well as the systems and processes for use of corporate resources in such a way so as to maximize the value to the stakeholders. The Group aims at achieving not only the highest possible standards of legal and regulatory compliances, but also of effective management. Committees: Audit Committee Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Audit committee comprises Mr Nilesh Vikamsey (Chairman), Mr R Venkataraman, Mr Kranti Sinha, two of whom are independent Directors. The Chairman along with the Statutory and Internal Auditors are invitees to the Meeting. The Terms of reference of this committee are as under: To investigate into any matter that may be prescribed under the provisions of Section 292A of The Companies Act, 1956 fixation of the Audit Fees. - Reviewing with the management the financial statements before submission of the same to the Board. and disclosure of its financial information. Function. Compensation/ Remuneration Committee Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Compensation / Remuneration Committee comprises Mr Kranti Sinha (Chairman) & Mr Nilesh Vikamsey, both of whom are independent Directors. The Terms of reference of this committee are as under: - To fix suitable remuneration package of all the Executive Directors and Non Executive Directors, Senior Employees and officers i.e. Salary, perquisites, bonuses, stock options, pensions etc. - Determination of the fixed component and performance linked incentives along with the performance criteria to all employees of the company Contracts, Notice Period, Severance Fees of Directors and employees. whether to be issued at discount as well as the period over which to be accrued and over which exercisable. - To conduct discussions with the HR department and form suitable remuneration policies. IIFL (India Infoline) is committed to placing the Investor First, by continuously striving to increase the efficiency of the operations as well as the systems and processes for use of corporate resources in such a way so as to maximize the value to the stakeholders. The Group aims at achieving not only the highest possible standards of legal and regulatory compliances, but also of effective management. Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Audit committee comprises Mr Nilesh Vikamsey (Chairman), Mr R Venkataraman, Mr Kranti Sinha, two of whom are independent Directors. The Chairman along with the Statutory and Internal ors are invitees to the Meeting. The Terms of reference of this committee are as under: To investigate into any matter that may be prescribed under the provisions of Section 292A of The Companies Act, 1956 - Recommendation and removal of External Auditor Reviewing with the management the financial statements before submission of the same to the Board. - Overseeing of Company's financial reporting process and disclosure of its financial information. - Reviewing the Adequacy of the Internal Audit Compensation/ Remuneration Committee Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Compensation / Remuneration Committee comprises Mr Kranti Sinha (Chairman) & Mr Nilesh Vikamsey, independent Directors. The Terms of reference of this committee are as To fix suitable remuneration package of all the Executive Directors and Non Executive Directors, Senior Employees and officers i.e. Salary, perquisites, bonuses, stock Determination of the fixed component and performance linked with the performance criteria to all employees of the company Contracts, Notice Period, Severance Fees of Directors and employees. - Stock Option detail whether to be issued at discount as well as the period over which to be accrued and over To conduct discussions with the HR department and form suitable 47 IIFL (India Infoline) is committed to placing the Investor First, by continuously striving to increase the efficiency of the operations as well as the systems and processes for use of corporate resources in such a way so as to maximize the value to the stakeholders. The Group aims at achieving not only the highest possible standards of legal and regulatory compliances, Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Audit committee comprises Mr Nilesh Vikamsey (Chairman), Mr R Venkataraman, Mr Kranti Sinha, two of whom are independent Directors. The Chairman along with the Statutory and Internal ors are invitees to the Meeting. The Terms of reference of this committee are as under: - To investigate into any matter that may be prescribed under the provisions of Section 292A Recommendation and removal of External Auditor and Reviewing with the management the financial statements before Overseeing of Company's financial reporting process y of the Internal Audit Terms of reference & Composition, Name of members and Chairman: The Compensation / Remuneration Committee comprises Mr Kranti Sinha (Chairman) & Mr Nilesh Vikamsey, independent Directors. The Terms of reference of this committee are as To fix suitable remuneration package of all the Executive Directors and Non Executive Directors, Senior Employees and officers i.e. Salary, perquisites, bonuses, stock Determination of the fixed component and performance linked with the performance criteria to all employees of the company - Service Stock Option details: whether to be issued at discount as well as the period over which to be accrued and over To conduct discussions with the HR department and form suitable
48. 48. 48 Share Transfer and Investor Grievance Committee Details of the Members, Compliance Officer, No of Complaints received and pending and pending transfers as on close of the financial year. The committee functions under the Chairmanship of Mr Kranti Sinha, a Non-executive independent Director. The other Members of the committee are Mr. Nirmal Jain and Mr. R Venkataraman. Ms Sunil Lotke, Company Secretary is the Compliance Officer of the Company. Board of Directors Mr. Nirmal Jain (Chairman, India Infoline Ltd). Mr. R. Venkataraman (Managing Director , India Infoline Ltd). Mr. Arun Kumar Purwar (Independent Director of India Infoline Limited since March 2008). Mr. Chandran Ratnaswami (Non Executive Director of India Infoline Limited since May 2012). Mr. Kranti Sinha (Independent Director of India Infoline Limited since January 2005). Mr. Mahesh Narayan Singh (Independent Director of India Infoline Finance Limited since September 2009). Mr. Nilesh Vikamsey (Independent Director of India Infoline Limited & India Infoline Finance Limited since February 2005). Dr. Subbaraman Narayan (Independent Director of India Infoline Limited since July 2012). Mr. Vijay Kumar Chopra (Independent Director of India Infoline Finance Limited since June 2012).
49. 49. IIFL Foundation In line with IIFL's vision to be the 'most respected company in the financial services space', the company recognises the importance of contributing to and sustaining social transformation. The IIFL Foundation has been set up to work in areas of skill development for various industries and to ensure financial inclusion through the support and up the underprivileged sections of society. The IIFL Foundation focuses on specific areas of need, including healthcare and education. The foundation will screen and select institutions working in these domains and will provide necessary aid to improve the lives of the underprivileged and help them in achieving their potential. The IIFL Foundation has initiated career guidance to the students of High colleges in remote areas of Maharashtra to enable them to pursue the career which provides right employment opportunities. FLAME FLAME (Financial Literacy Agenda for Mass Empowerment) initiative to promote financial literacy amongst the masses in order to make them an integral part of India's spectacular growth story. In an era of accelerating GDP and rising per capita growth, financial literacy has become more critical than ever before such that we all reap tangible benefits of the nation's economic prosperity. Financial inclusion has been quite high on the governmental agenda, given its emphasis on widening the Banking & Financial services network across the country. The FLAME initiative stands committe this effort by helping common people gain financial growth and security though better awareness and education on the variety of financial products while avoiding the lure of and loss from unrealistic claims made by unscrupulous agents and p dedicated site for financial literacy: be the 'most respected company in the financial services space', the company recognises the importance of contributing to and sustaining social transformation. The IIFL Foundation has been set up to work in areas of skill development and to ensure financial inclusion through the support and up the underprivileged sections of society. The IIFL Foundation focuses on specific areas of need, including healthcare and education. The foundation will screen and select institutions and developmental agencies which are working in these domains and will provide necessary aid to improve the lives of the underprivileged and help them in achieving their potential. The IIFL Foundation has initiated career guidance to the students of High colleges in remote areas of Maharashtra to enable them to pursue the career which provides right employment opportunities. FLAME (Financial Literacy Agenda for Mass Empowerment) is an IIFL Foundation financial literacy amongst the masses in order to make them an integral part of India's spectacular growth story. In an era of accelerating GDP and rising per capita growth, financial literacy has become more critical than ever before such that we all reap tangible benefits of the nation's economic prosperity. Financial inclusion has been quite high on the governmental agenda, given its emphasis on widening the Banking & Financial services network across the country. The FLAME initiative stands committe this effort by helping common people gain financial growth and security though better awareness and education on the variety of financial products while avoiding the lure of and loss from unrealistic claims made by unscrupulous agents and ponzi schemes. dedicated site for financial literacy: www.flame.org.in 49 be the 'most respected company in the financial services space', the company recognises the importance of contributing to and sustaining social transformation. The IIFL Foundation has been set up to work in areas of skill development and to ensure financial inclusion through the support and upliftment of The IIFL Foundation focuses on specific areas of need, including healthcare and education. and developmental agencies which are working in these domains and will provide necessary aid to improve the lives of the The IIFL Foundation has initiated career guidance to the students of High School and Junior colleges in remote areas of Maharashtra to enable them to pursue the career which provides is an IIFL Foundation financial literacy amongst the masses in order to make them an integral part of India's spectacular growth story. In an era of accelerating GDP and rising per capita growth, financial literacy has become more critical than ever before such that we all reap the tangible benefits of the nation's economic prosperity. Financial inclusion has been quite high on the governmental agenda, given its emphasis on widening the Banking & Financial services network across the country. The FLAME initiative stands committed to complement this effort by helping common people gain financial growth and security though better awareness and education on the variety of financial products while avoiding the lure of and onzi schemes. Visit our
50. 50. 50 Camps Mobile van and seminar sales photos
51. 51. 51 Scholarships H Nemkumar and Nirmal Jain Scholarship (May 2012) India has a large number of gifted and deserving students who are unable to avail of a high-quality learning experience from reputed institutions in India or abroad due to financial or other constraints. Young India Fellows reaches out to such students. The YIF scholarships have been made possible by generous donations by a stellar set of individuals including Mr. Nirmal Jain and Mr. H Nemkumar on behalf of IIFL Foundation. This year, 57 Young India Fellows of the Founding Class graduated and embarked upon careers ranging from design technology to rural development, from venture philanthropy to corporate strategy, and from ethnographic research to institution building. The Founding Fellows are Fulbright Scholars, INSEAD-Wharton MBA candidates, Prime Ministers, Rural Development Fellows, legal entrepreneurs, McKinsey and BCG consultants, budding psychologists, artists, writers and film makers, research scholars at leading think tanks and inspired entrepreneurs trying and testing new ideas for technology-driven social change. Expressing gratitude for the support offered by Mr. Nirmal Jain & Mr. Nemkumar, in launching this program in its founding year, the Young India Fellows awarded a personalized Valedictory Scroll to graduating Fellows. Financial literacy for Supporting the Under-privileged IIFL has also tied up with KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research (SIMSR) to impart basic financial knowledge to underprivileged sections and physically handicapped sections of the society. The programmes covers lessons on savings, budgeting, banking, credit management, microfinance and self-help groups (SHGs). The IIFL Foundation under the FLAME initiative has tied up with Somaiya Institute to impart financial literacy to National Society for Equal Opportunities for the Handicapped India (NASEOH ) since the last two years.
52. 52. 52 SWOT ANALYSIS OF IIFL STRENGHTS: Low brokerage system Effective after sales services system Advisory desk operations provided by fuller ton Well established brand equity Tele trade also possible Freedom account with different facilities Personalize alerts Consolidated statements-a unique service offering WEAKNESSES: Lack of Aggressive advertisements and sales promotion programmed. The working of the sales force is traditional. Inventory investments should be more. Miscommunication and ineffective co-ordination at various level of hierarchy. OPPORTUNITIES: Growing capital market in India & other country Political stability in India & other country Better governance by SEBI Decreasing interest rates in India, so people are motivated to earn more returns through capital market. THREATS: • Demand & supply • Increasing competition in security market • Lost in faith in share market after big scams in the stock market • Natural calamities • Inability of customers to pay brokerage at the right time • High risk involved in the stock market.
53. 53. 53 COMPETITORS OF IIFL: SHAREKHAN RELIANCE MONEY UNICON KARVY INDIABULLS RK GLOBAL SECURITIES RELIGARE
54. 54. 54 SECURITY ANALYSIS Definition: For making proper investment involving both risk and return, the investor has to make study of the alternative avenues of the investment-their risk and return characteristics, and make a proper projection or expectation of the risk and return of the alternative investments under consideration. He has to tune the expectations to this preference of the risk and return for making a proper investment choice. The process of analyzing the individual securities and the market as a whole and estimating the risk and return expected from each of the investments with a view to identify undervalues securities for buying and overvalues securities for selling is both an art and a science that is what called security analysis. Security: The security has inclusive of shares, scripts, bonds, debenture stock or any other marketable securities of like nature in or of any debentures of a company or body corporate, the government and semi government body etc. In the strict sense of the word, a security is an instrument of promissory note or a method of borrowing or lending or a source of contributing to the funds need by a corporate body or non-corporate body, private security for example is also a security as it is a promissory note of an individual or firm and gives rise to claim on money. But such private securities of private companies or promissory notes of individuals, partnership or firm to the intent that their marketability is poor or nil, are not part of the capital market and do not constitute part of the security analysis.
55. 55. 55 Analysis of Securities: Security analysis in both traditional sense and modern sense involves the projection of future dividend or ensuring flows, forecast of the share price in the future and estimating the intrinsic value of a security based on the forecast of earnings or dividend. Security analysis in traditional sense is essentially on analysis of the fundamental value of shares and its forecast for the future through the calculation of its intrinsic worth of share. Modern security analysis relies on the fundamental analysis of the security, leading to its intrinsic worth and also rise- return analysis depending on the variability of the returns, covariance, safety of funds and the projection of the future returns. If the security analysis based on fundamental factors of the company, then the forecast of the share price has to take into account inevitably the trends and the scenario in the economy, in the industry to which the company belongs and finally the strengths and weaknesses of the company itself. Its management, promoters backward, financial results, projection of expansion, term planning etc. Approaches to Security Analysis: • Fundamental Analysis • Technical Analysis • Efficient Market Hypothesis
56. 56. 56 FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS It's a logical and systematic approach to estimating the future dividends & share price as these two constitutes the return from investing in shares. According to this approach, the share price of a company is determined by the fundamental factors affecting the Economy/ Industry/ Company such as Earnings Per Share, DIP ratio, Competition, Market Share, Quality of Management etc. it calculates the true worth of the share based on its present and future earning capacity and compares it with the current market price to identify the mispriced securities. Fundamental analysis involves a three-step examination, which calls for: 1. Understanding of the macro-economic environment and developments. 2. Analyzing the prospects of the industry to which the firm belongs. 3. Assessing the projected performance of the company. MACRO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: The macro-economy is the overall economic environment in which all firms operate. The key variables commonly used to describe the state of the macro-economy are: Growth Rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The Gross Domestic Product is measure of the total production of final goods and services in the economy during a specified period usually a year. The growth rate of GDP is the most important indicator of the performance of the economy. The higher the growth rate of GDP, other things being equal, the more favourable it is for the stock market.
57. 57. 57 Industrial Growth Rate: The stock market analysts focus more on the industrial sector. They look at the overall industrial growth rate as well as the growth rates of different industries. The higher the growth rate of the industrial sector, other things being equal, the more favorable it is for the stock market. Agriculture and Monsoons: Agriculture accounts for about a quarter of the Indian economy and has important linkages, direct and indirect, with industry. Hence, the increase or decrease of agricultural production has a significant bearing on industrial production and corporate performance. A spell of good monsoons imparts dynamism to the industrial sector and buoyancy to the stock market. Likewise, a streak of bad monsoons casts its shadow over the industrial sector and the stock market. Savings and Investments: The demand for corporate securities has an important bearing on stock price movements. So investment analysts should know what the level of investment in the economy is and what proportion of that investment is directed toward the capital market. The analysts should also know what the savings are and how the same are allocated over various instruments like equities, bonds, bank deposits, small savings schemes, and bullion. Other things being equal, the higher the level of savings and investments and the greater the allocation of the same over equities, the more favourable it is for the stock market. Government Budget and Deficit: Government plays an important role in most economies. The excess of government expenditures over governmental revenues represents the deficit. While there are several measures for deficit, the most popular measure is the fiscal deficit. The fiscal deficit has to be financed with government borrowings, which is done in three ways: 1. The government can borrow from the reserve bank of India. 2. The government can resort to borrowing in domestic capital market. 3. The government may borrow from abroad. Investment analysts examine the government budget to assess how it is likely to impact on the stock market.
58. 58. 58 Price Level and Inflation: The price level measures the degree to which the nominal rate of growth in GDP is attributable to the factor of inflation. The effect of inflation on the corporate sector tends to be uneven. While certain industries may benefit, others tend to suffer. Industries that enjoy a strong market for these products and which do not come under the purview of price control may benefit. On the other hand, industries that have a weak market and which come under the purview of price control tend to lose. On the whole, it appears that a mild level of inflation is good for the stock market. Interest Rate: Interest rates vary with maturity, default risk, inflation rate, productivity of capital, special features, and so on. A rise in interest rates depresses corporate profitability and also leads to an increase in the discount rate applied by equity investors, both of which have an adverse impact on stock prices. On the other hand, a fall in interest rates improves corporate profitability and also leads to a decline in the discount rate applied by equity investors, both of which have a favourable impact on stock prices. Balance of Payments, Forex Reserves, and Exchange Rates: The balance of payments deficit depletes the forex reserves of the country and has an adverse impact on the exchange rate; on the other hand a balance of payments surplus augments the forex reserves of the country and has a favorable impact on the exchange rate. Infrastructural Facilities and Arrangements: Infrastructural facilities and arrangements significantly influence industrial performance. More specifically, the following are important: • Adequate and regular supply of electric power at a reasonable tariff. • A well developed transportation and communication system (railway transportation, road network, inland waterways, port facilities, air links, and telecommunications system). • An assured supply of basic industrial raw materials like steel, coal, petroleum products, and cement. • Responsive financial support for fixed assets and working capital.
59. 59. 59 Sentiments: The sentiments of consumers and businessmen can have an important bearing on economic performance. Higher consumer confidence leads to higher expenditure on big ticket items. Higher business confidence gets translated into greater business investment that has a stimulating effect on the economy. Thus, sentiments influence consumption and investment decisions and have a bearing on the aggregate demand for goods and services.
60. 60. 60 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: The objective of this analysis is to assess the prospects of various industrial groupings. Admittedly, it is almost impossible to forecast exactly which industrial groupings will appreciate the most. Yet careful analysis can suggest which industries have a brighter future than others and which industries are plagued with problems that are likely to persist for while. Concerned with the basics of industry analysis, this section is divided into three parts: • Industry life cycle analysis • Study of the structure and characteristics of an industry • Profit potential of industries: Porter model. INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS: Many industries economists believe that the development of almost every industry may be analyzed in terms of a life cycle with four well-defined stages: Pioneering stage: During this stage, the technology and or the product are relatively new. Lured by promising prospects, many entrepreneurs enter the field. As a result, there is keen, and often chaotic, competition. Only a few entrants may survive this stage. Rapid Growth Stage: In this stage firms, which survive the intense competition of the pioneering stage, witness significant expansion in their sales and profits? Maturity and Stabilization Stage: During the stage, when the industry is more or less fully developed, its growth rate is comparable to that of the economy as a whole. With the satiation of demand, encroachment of new products, and changes in consumer preferences, the industry eventually enters the decline stage, relative to the economy as a whole. In this stage, which may continue indefinitely, the industry may grow slightly during prosperous periods, stagnate during normal periods, and decline during recessionary periods.
61. 61. 61 STUDY THE STRUCTURE & CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRY: Since each industry is unique, a systematic study of its specific features and characteristics must be an integral part of the investment decision process. Industry analysis should focus on the following: I. Structure of the Industry and nature of Competition: • The number of firms in the industry and the market share of the top few (four to five) firms in the industry • Licensing policy of the government • Entry barriers, if any • Pricing policies of the firm • Degree of homogeneity or differentiation among products • Competition from foreign firms • Comparison of the products of the industry with substitutes in terms of quality, price, appeal, and functional performance II. Nature and Prospect of Demand: • Major customer and their requirements • Key determinants of demand • Degree of cyclicality in demand • Expected rate of growth in the foreseeable future III. Cost, Efficiency, and Profitability: • Proportions of the key cost elements, viz. raw materials, labour, utilities, & fuel • Productivity of labour • Turnover of inventory, receivables, and fixed assets • Control over prices of outputs and inputs • Behaviour of prices of inputs and outputs in response to inflationary pressures • Gross profit, operating profit, and net profit margins • Return on assets, earning power, and return on equity IV. Technology and Research: • Degree of technological stability • Important technological changes on the horizon and their implications • Research and development outlays as a percentage of industry sales • Proportion of sales growth attributable to new products
62. 62. 62 PROFIT POTENTIAL AND INDUSTRIES: PORTER MODEL Michael Porter has argued that the profit potential of an industry depends on the combined strength of the following five basic competitive forces: • Threat of new entrants • Rivalry among the existing firms • Pressure from substitute products • Bargaining power of buyers • Bargaining power of sellers COMPANY ANALYSIS Company analysis is the final stage of the fundamental analysis, which is to be done to decide the company in which the investor should invest. The Economy Analysis provides the investor a broad outline of the prospects of growth in the economy. The Industry Analysis helps the investor to select the industry in which the investment would be rewarding. Company Analysis deals with estimation of the Risks and Returns associated with individual shares. The stock price has been found on depend on the intrinsic value of the company's share to the extent of about 50% as per many research studies. Graharm and Dodd in their book on ' security analysis' have defined the intrinsic value as "that value which is justified by the fact of assets, earning and dividends". These facts are reflected in the earning potential if the company. The analyst has to project the expected future earnings per share and discount them to the present time, which gives the intrinsic value of share. Another method to use is taking the expected earnings per share and multiplying it by the industry average price earning multiple. By this method, the analyst estimates the intrinsic value or fair value of share and compares it with the market price to know whether the stock is overvalued or undervalued. The investment decision is to buy undervalued stock and sell overvalued stock. A. Financial analysis: Share price depends partly on its intrinsic worth for which financial analysis for a company is necessary to help the investor to decide whether to buy or not the shares of the company. The soundness and intrinsic worth of a company is known only such analysis. An investor needs to know the performance of the company, its intrinsic worth as indicated by some parameters like book value, EPS, PIE multiple etc. and come to a conclusion whether the share is rightly priced for purchase or not. This, in short is short importance of financial analysis of a company to the investor.
63. 63. 63 Financial analysis is analysis of financial statement of a company to assess its financial health and soundness of its management. "Financial statement analysis" involves a study of the financial statement of the company to ascertain its prevailing state of affairs and the reasons thereof. Such a study would enable the public and investors to ascertain whether one company is more profitable than the other and also to state the cause and factors that are probably responsible for this. Method or Devices of Financial analysis The term 'financial statement' as used in modern business refers to the balance sheet, or the statement of financial position of the company at a point of time and income and expenditure statement; or the profit and loss statement over a period. Interpret the financial statement; it is necessary to analyze them with the object of formation of opinion with respect to the financial condition of the company. The following methods of analysis are generally used. 1. Comparative statement. 2. Trend analysis 3. Common-size statement 4. Found flow analysis 5. Cash flow analysis 6. Ratio analysis The salient features of each of the above steps are discussed below: 1. Comparative statement: The comparative financial statements are statements of the financial position at different periods of time. Any statements prepared in a comparative from will be covered in comparative statements. From practical point of view, generally, two financial statements (balance sheet and income statement) are prepared in comparative from for financial analysis purpose. Not only the comparison of the figures of two periods but also be relationship between balance sheet and income statement enables on depth study of financial position and operative results. The comparative statement may show: (1) Absolute figures (Rupee amounts). (2) Changes in absolute figures i.e., increase or decrease in absolute figures. (3) Absolute data in terms of percentage. (4) Increase or decrease in terms of percentages.
64. 64. 64 2. Trend Analysis: The financial statement may be analyzed by computing trends of series of information. This method determines the direction upward or downwards and involves the computation of the percentage relationship that each statement item bears to the same item in base year. The information for a number of years is taken up and one year, generally the first year, is taken as a base year. The figures of the base year are taken as 100 and trend ratios for other years are calculated on the basis of base year. These tend in the case of GPM or sales turnover are useful to indicate the extent of improvement or deterioration over a period of time in the aspects considered. The trends in dividends, EPS, asset growth, or sales growth are some examples of the trends used to study the operational performance of the companies. Procedure for calculating trends: (I) One year is taken as a base year generally; the first or the last is taken as base year. (II) The figures of base year are taken as 100. (III)Trend percentages are calculated in relation to base year. If a figure in other year is less than the figure in base year the trend percentage will be less than 100 and it will be more than the 100 it figure is more than the base year figures. Each year's figure is divided by the base years figure. 3. Common-size statement: The common-size statements, balance sheet and income statement are shown in analytical percentage. The figures are shown as percentages of total assets, total liabilities and total sales. The total assets are taken as 100 and different assets are expressed as a percentage of the total. Similarly, various liabilities are taken as a part of total liabilities. These statements are also known as component percentage or 100 percent statements because every individual item is stated as a percentage of the total 100. The shortcomings in comparative statements and trend percentages where changes in terms could not be compared with the totals have been covered up. The analysis is able to assess the figures in relation to total values. The common size statement may be prepared in the following way. (i) The total of assets or liabilities are taken as 100 (ii) The individual assets are expressed as a percentage of total assets, i.e., 100 and different liabilities are calculated in relation to total liabilities. For example, if total assets are Rs.5 lakhs and inventory value is Rs.50, 000, then it will be 10% of total assets. (50,000 x 100) / (5,00,000)
65. 65. 65 4. Fund flow analysis: The operation of business involves the conversion of cash in to non-cash assets, which are recovered in to cash form. The statement showing sources and uses of funds of funds is properly known as 'Funds Flow Statement'. The changes representing the 'sources of funds' in the business may be issue of debentures, increase in net worth; addition to funds, reserves and surplus, relation of earnings. Changes showing the 'uses of funds' include: a) Addition to assets - Fixed and Current. b) Addition to investments. c) Decreasing in liabilities by paying off loans and creditors. d) Decrease in net worth by incurring of loans, withdrawal of funds from business and payment of dividends. 5. Cash Flow analysis: Cash flow is used for only cash inflow and outflow. The cash flows are prepared from cash budgets and operation of the company. In cash flows only cash and bank balance are involved and hence it is a narrower term than the concept of funds flows. The cash flow statement explains how the dividends are paid, how fixed assets are financed. The analysis had to know the real cash flow position of company, its liquidity and solvency, which are reflected in the cash flow position and the statements thereof. 6. Ratio analysis: The ratio is one of the most powerful tools of financial analysis. It is the process of establishing and interpreting various ratios (quantitative relationship between figures and groups of figures). It is with the help of ratios that the financial statements can be analyzed more clearly and decisions made from such analysis. Ratio analysis will be meaningful to establish relationship regarding financial performance, operational efficiency and profit margins with respect to companies over a period of time and as between companies with in the same industry group.
66. 66. 66 The ratios are conveniently classified as follows: a) Balance sheet ratios or position statement ratios: (I) Current ratio (II) Liquid ratio (Acid test ratio) (III) Debt to equity ratio (IV) Asset to equity ratio (V) Capital gearing ratio (VI) Ratio of current asses to fixed assets etc. b) Profit & loss Ale ratios or revenue/income statement ratios: (I) Gross profit ratio (II) Operating ratio (III) Net profit ratio (IV) Expense ratio (V) Operating profit ratio (VI) Interest coverage c) Composite ratios/ mixed or inter statement ratios: (I) Return on total resources (II) Return on equity (III) Turnover of fixed assets (IV) Turnover of debtors (V) Return on shareholders' funds (VI) Return on total resources
67. 67. 67 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS Technical analysis involves a study of market-generated data like prices and volumes to determine the future direction of price movement. Technical analysis analyses internal market data with the help of charts and graphs. Subscribing to the 'castles in the air' approach, they view the investment game as an exercise in anticipating the behaviour of market participants. They look at charts to understand what the market participants have been doing and believe that this provides a basis for predicting future behaviour. Definition: "The technical approach to investing is essentially a reflection of the idea that prices move in trends which are determined by the changing attitudes of investors toward a variety of economic, monetary, political and psychological forces. The art of technical analysis- for it is an art - is to identify trend changes at an early stage and to maintain an investment posture until the weight of the evidence indicates that the trend has been reversed." -Martin J. Pring. Charting techniques in technical analysis: Technical analysis uses a variety of charting techniques. The most popular ones are: • The Dow theory; • Bar and line charts; • The point and figure chart; • The moving averages line; and • The relative strength line. The Dow Theory: "The market is always considered as having three movements, all going at the same time. The first is the narrow movement from day to day. The second is the short swing, running from two weeks to a month or more; the third is the main movement, covering at least four years in its duration." - Charles H.DOW The Dow Theory refers to three movements as: (a) Daily fluctuations that are random day-to-day wiggles; (b) Secondary movements or corrections that may last for a few weeks to some months; (c) Primary trends representing bull and bear phases of the market.
68. 68. 68 Bar and line charts The bar chart is one of the simplest and commonly used tools of technical analysis, depicts the daily price range along with the closing price. It also shows the daily volume of transactions. A line chart shows the line connecting successive closing prices. Point and figure chart: On a point and figure chart only significant price changes are recorded. It eliminates the time scale and small changes and condenses the recording of price changes. Moving average analysis: A moving average is calculated by taking into account the most recent 'n' observations. To identify trends technical analysis use moving averages analysis. Relative strength analysis: The relative strength analysis is based on the assumption that the prices of some securities rise rapidly during the bull phase but fall slowly during the bear phase in relation to the market as a whole. Technical analysts measure relative strength in different ways; a simple approach calculates rates of return and classifies securities that have superior historical returns as having relative strength. More commonly, technical analysts look at certain ratios to judge whether a security or, for that matter, an industry has relative strength. TECHNICAL INDICATORS: In addition to charts, which form the mainstay of technical analysis, technicians also use certain indicators to gauge the overall market situation. They are: • Breadth indicators • Market sentiment indicators BREADTH INDICATORS: 1. The Advance-Decline line: The advance decline line is also referred as the breadth of the market. Its measurement involves two steps: a. Calculate the number of net advances/ declines on a daily basis. b. Obtain the breadth of the market by cumulating daily net advances/ declines.
69. 69. 69 2. New Highs and Lows: A supplementary measure to accompany breadth of the market is the high-low differential or index. The theory is that an expanding number of stocks attaining new highs and a dwindling number of new lows will generally accompany a raising market. The reverse holds true for a declining market. MARKET SENTIMENT INDICATORS: 1. Short-Interest Ratio: The short interest in a security is simply the number of shares that have been sold short but yet bought back. The short interest ratio is defined as follows: volumetradingdailyAveragge shortsoldsharesofnumberTotal ratiointerestShort = 2. PUT/CALL RATIO: Another indicator monitored by contrary technical analysis is the put / call ratio. Speculators buy calls when they are bullish and buy puts when they are bearish. Since speculators are often wrong, some technical analysts consider the put / call ratio as a useful indicator. The put / call ratio is defined as: purchasedcallsofNumber purchasedputsofNumbers ratioCallPut / = 3. Mutual-Fund Liquidity: If mutual fund liquidity is low, it means that mutual funds are bullish. So constrains argue that the market is at, or near, a peak and hence is likely to decline. Thus, low mutual fund liquidity is considered as a bearish indicator. Conversely when the mutual fund liquidity is high, it means that mutual funds are bearish. So constrains believe that the market is at, or near, a bottom and hence is poised to rise. Thus, high mutual fund liquidity is considered as a bullish indication.
70. 70. 70 RANDOM WALK THEORY: Fundamental analysis tries to evaluate the intrinsic value of the securities by studying the various fundamental factors about Economy, Industry and company and based on this information, it categories the securities as wither undervalued or overhauled. Technical analysis believes that the past behaviour of stock prices gives an indication of the future behaviour and that the stock price movement is quite orderly and random. But, a new theory known as Random Walk Theory, asserts that share price movements represent random walk rather than an orderly movement. According to this theory, any change in the stock prices IS the result of information about certain changes in the economy, industry and company. Each price change is independent of other price changes as each change is caused by a new piece of information. These changes in stock's prices reveals the fact that all the information on changes in the economy, industry and company performance is fully reflected in the stock prices i.e., the investors will have full knowledge about the securities. Thus, the Random Walk Theory is based on the hypothesis that the Stock Markets are efficient. Hence, later it is known as Efficient Market Hypothesis. EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS: This theory presupposes that the stock Markets are so competitive and efficient in processing all the available information about the securities that there is "immediate price adjustment" to the changes in the economy, industry and company. The Efficient Market Hypothesis model is actually concerned with the speed with which information is incorporated into the security prices. The Efficient Market Hypothesis has three Sub-hypothesis: Weakly Efficient: This form of Efficient Market Hypothesis states that the current prices already fully reflect all the information contained in the past price movements and any new price change is the result of a new piece of information and is not related. This form is a direct repudiation of technical analysis. Semi-Strongly Efficient: This form of Efficient Market Hypothesis states that the stock prices not only reflect all historical information but also reflect all publicly available information about the company as soon as it is received. So, it repudiates the fundamental analysis by implying that there is no time gap for the fundamental analyst in which he can trade for superior gains, as there is an immediate price adjustment.
71. 71. 71 Strongly Efficient: This form of Efficient Market Hypothesis states that the market cannot be beaten by using both publicly available information as well as private or insider information. But, even though the Efficient Market Hypothesis repudiates both Fundamental and Technical analysis, the market is efficient precisely because of the organized and systematic efforts of thousands of analysts undertaking Fundamental and Technical analysis. Thus, the paradox of Efficient Market Hypothesis is that both the analysis is required to make the market efficient and thereby validate the hypothesis. PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT Concept of Portfolio: Portfolio is the collection of securities may be financial or real assets such as equity shares, debentures, bonds, treasury bills and property etc. portfolio is a combination of assets or it consists of collection of securities. These holdings are the result of individual preferences, decisions of the holders regarding risk, return and a host of other considerations. Portfolio management: An investor considering investment in securities is faced with the problem of choosing from among a large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk return characteristics of individual securities. He would attempt to choose the most desirable securities and like to allocate his funds over his group of securities. Again he is faced with the problem of deciding which securities to hold and how much to invest in each. The investor faces an infinite number of possible portfolio or group of securities. The risk and return characteristics of portfolios differ from those of individual securities combining to form a portfolio. The investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking into consideration the risk-return characteristics of all possible portfolios. As the economic and financial environment keeps the changing the risk return characteristics of individual securities as well as portfolio also change. An investor invests his funds in a portfolio expecting to get a good return with less risk to bear. Portfolio management concerns the construction and maintenance of a collection of investment. It is investment of funds in different securities in which the total risk of the Portfolio is minimized while expecting maximum return from it. It primarily involves reducing risk rather that increasing return. Return is obviously important though, and the ultimate objective of portfolio manager is to achieve a chosen level of return by incurring the least possible risk.

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Security Analysis and Portfolio Management Problems and Solutions

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